"Jewish commentaries on the Bible", discusses Jewish Tanakh commentaries from the Targums to classical rabbinic literature, the midrash literature, the classical medieval commentators, and modern-day commentaries. Define megillah. Some of these occasions also have specific Torah readings, which (for A and S) are noted parenthetically. The Hebrew word for 'scroll' is megillah. [36] "Pleased with their words" because, while Moses wrote the Torah of words dictated verbatim by God, the prophets were each speaking their own words, which won Divine approval after they were spoken. Now therefore, I pray you, swear unto me by the LORD, since I have shewed you kindness, that ye will also shew kindness unto my father's house, and give me a true token: and that you will save alive my father, and my mother, and my brethren, and my sisters, and all that they have, and deliver our lives from death. Zion means Mount Zion, the hill in Jerusalem on which the Temple stood, although it had been destroyed centuries before this blessing was composed. Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these, especially some fragments found in the Genizah, are partially annotated with Tiberian cantillation marks.[22]. In themselves they are known as Gemara. Furthermore, there is a contradiction in the list of Haftarot in this book whether the read this Haftorah or the one from Jeremiah read by most Ashkenazim. Berakhot (Hebrew: , romanized: Brakhot, lit. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Ed. A tradition that might have dated back to medieval times was that a boy would read the haftara on the Sabbath prior to his Bar Mitzvah, and on the day of his Bar Mitzvah read the portion from the Torah but not the haftara; this custom changed, in the United States, in the late 19th century or early 20th century, when the Bar Mitzvah would read both the Torah and haftara on the Sabbath immediately following his 13th birthday. These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. According to the Talmud, the lesson from the Prophets may be read by a minor (i.e., a boy younger than 13), if he is sufficiently educated to do it. ], Very similar to Massekhet Soferim, paragraph 11, which begins "Comfort [Nahem, instead of rahem ], Lord our God, Zion your city" and ends "who comforts the children of Zion." [40], The blessings that follow the reading of the haftara are chanted in the pentatonic scale.[35]. "[6], The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic mawwal, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. and with the kingdom of the house of David, your anointed, Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: Biblical Studies Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading, and Interpretation. David Zvi Hoffmann suggests that there existed ancient texts analogous to the present-day Shulchan Aruch that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah. Magilla mistakenly thinks Peebles is going to get rid of him, so he joins the junior rangers of Camp Kitchy Gooney. Pronunciation: (mu-gil'ufor 2 also Seph. But then that leads to greater tech support issues - viruses, dead drives and the whole megillah. The meaning of TCHOTCHKE is knickknack, trinket. The term "Mishnah" is related to the verb "shanah", to teach or repeat, and to the adjectives "sheni" and "mishneh", meaning "second". The Book of Esther wanders through a crushing concatenation of detail, and the devout sit through the long, long reading after a day of fasting. [congregation: Amen. In other respects Ashkenazi Hebrew resembles Yemenite Hebrew, which appears to be related to the Babylonian notation. The Mishnah or the Mishna (/ m n /; Hebrew: , "study by repetition", from the verb shanah , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions which is known as the Oral Torah.It is also the first major work of rabbinic literature. About five percent of the Biblical scrolls, they include 4QDeut-q, 4QSam-a, 4QJer-b, and 4QJer-d. [30], Nach, also anglicized .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}Nakh, refers to the Nevi'im and Ketuvim portions of Tanakh. It was the time of the barley harvest, and flax and barley are ripe at the same time in the Jordan valley, so that "the bundles of flax stalks might have been expected to be drying just then". This theory is supported by the fact that Ashkenazi Hebrew, like Samaritan Hebrew, has lost the distinct sounds of many of the guttural letters, while there are references in the Talmud to this as a feature of Galilean speech. "), but she was never able to convince her parents to let her keep him. An alternative explanation, offered by Rabbis Reuven Margolies and Samson Raphael Hirsch (except where otherwise identified, this is the Hirsch cited throughout this article),is that the haftara reading was instituted to fight the influence of those sects in Judaism that viewed the Hebrew Bible as consisting only of the Torah. Text is closest to the Mishnah quotations given in the. [6] In rabbinic texts, however, she is explained as being an "innkeeper," based on the Aramaic Targum: . And the prophets of truth and righteousness. It occurs on the Sabbath that either coincides with the New Moon, or precedes the New Moon that occurs during the following week, of the month of Second Adar or of Adar in an ordinary year. Louis Finkelstein, "The Prophetic Readings According to the Palestinian, Byzantine, and Karaite Rites", Among the authorities used were editions of. The best known examples of these differences is found in J.N.Epsteins Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah (1948). This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to. 1100), but in the 18th century Rabbi Jacob Emden criticized its omission. Note that the Talmud is not usually viewed as a commentary on the Mishnah, per se; this is because it also has many other goals, and its analysis often entails long, tangential discussions. Judah ha-Nasi is credited with the final redaction and publication of the Mishnah,[19] although there have been a few additions since his time:[20] those passages that cite him or his grandson, Judah II, and the end of tractate Sotah, which refers to the period after Judah's death. [54] Although this practice is virtually defunct, most halachic authorities maintain that there is nothing wrong with it. Magilla is invited to a dressing up party where two thieves are attempting to steal Mrs. Richley's diamond necklace. Peebles (voiced by Howard Morris and later by Don Messick) frequently marks down his price considerably, but he The Tosefta mentions a haftara in antiquity (before the 2nd century CE) that was just one verse, namely Isaiah 52:3, and some others that were only four or five verses.[50]. [14] In some other communities, the haftara could only be read by one who had participated in the Torah reading (in some practices, the maftir - the last man to have read from the Torah), or even the whole congregation would read the haftara to themselves from the available humashim - this evidently to avoid embarrassing a reader who might make a mistake.[15]. Change your default dictionary to British English. A popular mnemonic consists of the acronym "Z'MaN NaKaT. Only one person reads the haftara portion. , yeshivot or yeshivos) is a traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature, primarily the Talmud and halacha (Jewish law), while Torah and Jewish philosophy are studied in parallel. The soldiers sent to capture the spies asked Rahab to bring out the spies. No special haftara: the usual haftara for that week's parashah is read. His evidence for this was the fact that Asher ben Jehiel, a German who became chief rabbi of Toledo, never refers to any difference of pronunciation, though he is normally very sensitive to differences between the two communities. A connotation in Yiddush, of the term megilah, gansen megillah means the whole long story emphasizing its excessive length and tediousness. ): Hosea 14:210, and Joel 2:1527 (Benisch lists this as the A haftara for Haazinu), S (acc to Dotan, Koren, Hirsch, Benisch, Lindo, & Jerusalem Crown), & AH: Hosea 14:210, and Micah 7:1820, The choice of the reading from Hosea is almost universal because its opening words are, A, S, AH: Isaiah 57:1458:14 (R begin at 57:15), A, S, AH, K: Zechariah 14:121 (R end with verse 19), A, S, AH, R: First Kings 8:221 (R ends with 8:20), Y, some I, Persia, and Aleppo: Ezekiel 38:138:23, First Kings 8:5466 (I, some A end at verse 9:1; R end at 9:5), S, Y: Joshua 1:19 (Y add verse 6:27) (some S follow this with the haftara used for a bridegroom [Isaiah 61:10-62:8]. [11][12] The possibility was felt that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (530s BCE 70 CE) would be forgotten, so the justification was found to have these oral laws transcribed. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? and who removes our iniquities year after year, The difficulty with the latter grouping of theories is that we do not know for certain what the pronunciations of these countries actually were and how far they differed. Also, some communities add either Joel 2:15 (or 2:11)27 or Micah 7:1820. We gratefully thank you,and bless you. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. [22] There were opinions that a haftara scroll should not be stored in the holy ark, but other opinions (such as Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef) were that it was permitted;[23] however the haftara scroll is not decorated in the manner of the Torah scrolls but may be given distinctive (and inferior, such as copper) decorations.[24]. As an indication that, perhaps to make clear that the haftara reading was not the same status as the Torah reading, a minor (i.e., a boy not yet bar mitzvah age) was permitted to chant the haftara (at least on an ordinary Sabbath), and there were even communities where the haftara reading was reserved exclusively for minor boys. As it is used parallel with modern Hebrew, its phonological differences are clearly recognized: There are considerable differences between the Lithuanian, Polish (also known as Galician), Hungarian, and German pronunciations. Nissim ben Jacob's Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud argued that it was unnecessary for Judah the Prince to discuss them as many of these laws were so well known. The only customer truly interested in owning Magilla was a little girl named Ogee (voiced by Jean Vander Pyl and pronounced "Oh Gee!"). In this view, historians do their best to tease out later editorial additions (itself a very difficult task) and skeptically view accounts of miracles, leaving behind a reliable historical text. For all his words are true and just. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution. (Babylonian Talmud, Zevahim 116ab). Vocalization is by a different, later hand. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The haftara reading follows the Torah reading on each Sabbath and on Jewish festivals and fast days. Pre-Samaritan: DSS manuscripts which reflect the textual form of the Samaritan Pentateuch, although the Samaritan Bible is later and contains information not found in these earlier scrolls, (such as God's holy mountain at Shechem, rather than Jerusalem). Many biblical studies scholars advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible (or Hebrew Scriptures) as a substitute for less-neutral terms with Jewish or Christian connotations (e.g. [4], The King James Version renders the name as Rachab, after its literal spelling in Greek, which differs from the spelling for Rahab in James and Hebrews. In the case of being bought by thieves, he was seized by police for being used in criminal activity and returned to Peebles' store. And even within a tradition there is no one authoritative list, but a multitude of different lists from different communities and congregations, usually differing from each other by only one or two haftarot. [6] However, there was a separate word, qd, that could be used to designate prostitutes of the cultic variety. A similar tradition has Rahab declaring, "Pardon me by merit of the rope, the window, and the flaxen [the stalks of flax under which she concealed the spies]. Baskin, Judith (1979). This is from paragraph 13 of Soferim, which does not contain the phrase "by every living mouth", and which concludes with "who sanctifies Israel and the Day of [holiday name]." The Talmud refers to these differing versions as Mishnah Rishonah ("First Mishnah") and Mishnah Acharonah ("Last Mishnah"). In prayers it is replaced by the word Adonai ("My In certain respects the Ashkenazi pronunciation provides a better fit to the Tiberian notation than do the other reading traditions: for example, it distinguishes between pata and qama gadol, and between segol and ere, and does not make the qama symbol do duty for two different sounds. It would appear that, in antiquity, the choice of portion from the Prophets was made ad hoc, without regard for the choice of previous years or of other congregations, either by the reader or by the congregation or its leaders; this is evidenced by recommendations in Talmudic literature that certain passages should not be chosen for haftara readings, which indicates that, to that time, that a regular list for the year's readings did not exist. [12], According to the book of Joshua,[13] when the Hebrews were encamped at Shittim, in the "Arabah" or Jordan valley opposite Jericho, ready to cross the river, Joshua, as a final preparation, sent out two spies to investigate the military strength of Jericho. But by the 3rd century, "shield of David" was the text in use,[44] predating Soferim. It is a major subject in the curriculum of Orthodox high schools for girls and in the seminaries which they subsequently attend,[31] and is often taught by different teachers than those who teach Chumash. The whole megillah will soon be over and that schmendrick Hitler will be gone! These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah. Aharon Ziegler, "Halachic Positions: Reading the Haftara", Adolf Bchler, "The Reading of the Law and Prophets in a Triennial Cycle (part ii)", See, generally, Adolf Bchler, "The Reading of the Law and Prophets in a Triennial Cycle (part i)". Original Word: NAS Exhaustive Concordance. As Judah the Prince went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. During the cartoon's theme song, "We've Got a Gorilla for Sale", she asks hopefully, "How much is that gorilla in the window?" Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel, EzraNehemiah and Chronicles. The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting actual cases being brought to judgment, usually along with (i) the debate on the matter, and (ii) the judgment that was given by a notable rabbi based on halakha, mitzvot, and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his decision. [23] Rahab often is mentioned alongside Jethro (Yitro) and Na'aman as "positive examples" of the converts who joined Israel,[24] and another midrash has Rahab acting as an advocate for all nations of the world.[25][26]. The Hebrew Bible is categorized . The idea was not to use his discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required.[16]. Most of the Mishnah is related without attribution (stam). Megillah definition, n. - (Yiddish) a long boring tediously detailed account.. See more. The books which set out the Mishnah in its original structure, together with the associated Gemara, are known as Talmuds. The accumulated traditions of the Oral Law, expounded by scholars in each generation from Moses onward, is considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. The second blessing follows the end of the Prophetic reading: Blessed are you, Lord, our God, King of the universe, The most common explanation, accepted by some traditional Jewish authorities is that in 168 BCE, when the Jews were under the rule of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, they were forbidden to read the Torah and made do with a substitute. On the other hand, it is unlikely that in the Tiberian system ere and olam were diphthongs as they are in Ashkenazi Hebrew: they are more likely to have been closed vowels. [13][14], Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising problems of interpretation. The blessings following the haftara are standard on all occasions the haftara is read, except for the final blessing, which varies by date and is omitted on some days. [9][10][11], William L. Lyons observed that biblical interpreters have viewed Rahab as a model of hospitality, mercy, faith, patience, and repentance in her interaction with Joshua's spies. As soon as we had heard these things, our hearts did melt, neither did there remain any more courage in any man, because of you: for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above and in earth beneath. Commentaries produced in the 20th century: Symcha Petrushka's commentary was written in, Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e. Peebles sends Magilla to take his sick goldfish to the Oceanland doctor. [congregation: Amen.]. By the time of Amram Gaon (9th century) and Saadiah Gaon (10th century), as well as Mahzor Vitry (ca. Two institutes at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation. Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza, or citations in other works, may support either type of reading or other readings altogether. [18], Michael Coogan says the book of Joshua, more than any other book of the Bible, contains short etiological narratives that explain the origins of religious rituals, topographical features, genealogical relationships, and other aspects of ancient Israelite life, and that the legend of Rahab is such an example. This is often referred to, mainly in Hebrew schools and bar preparatory programs, as a haftara portion. In order to help a bankrupt Peebles, Magilla enters a cowboy contest under the name Montana Magilla to win the money he needs. 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